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Henri Rousseau, The Dream, 1910, Museum of Modern Art, New York.
Henri Rousseau was a French painter who painted in the Naïve or Primitive manner. He was also known as Le Douanier (the customs officer), which was a humorous description of his occupation as a toll collector. He was self-taught and ridiculed during his lifetime by critics, but after his death he came to be recognized as a self-taught genius whose works are of high artistic quality. Welcome to the fantastic jungles of Henri Rousseau!
Well, fun fact. Rousseau is the most known of the paintings depicting jungles. But, he never saw any, he never traveled outside France! His inspiration came from illustrations in children's books and the botanical gardens in Paris, as well as tableaux of taxidermy wild animals. He had also met soldiers during his term of service who had survived the French expedition to Mexico, and he listened to their stories of the subtropical country they had encountered.
Rousseau painted around 25 paintings with a jungle theme. Those densely packed, enigmatic fantasies were painted mostly between the years of 1904 and 1910. In this article we invite you to the dreamy world of Rousseau's jungle.
Be careful, there will be a lot of dangerous animals ahead!
1. Tiger in a Tropical Storm
It is the first jungle painting of Rousseau. It shows a tiger, illuminated by a flash of lightning, preparing to pounce on its prey in the midst of a raging gale. The artist wanted to exhibit his paintings at the Paris Salon but was rejected. In the end, he exhibited it under the title Surpris!, at the Salon des Indépendants, which was unjuried and open to all artists. The painting received mixed reviews. Most critics mocked Rousseau's work as childish, but Félix Vallotton (one of my favorite artists, check our article about his woodcuts here) said of it:
"His tiger surprising its prey is a 'must-see'; it's the alpha and omega of painting and so disconcerting that, before so much competency and childish naïveté, the most deeply rooted convictions are held up and questioned."
Rousseau in 1891 was 47 years old. He started to paint when he was 35. That's a good lesson, it is never too late for your passions!
2. The Hungry Lion Throws Itself on the Antelope
The Hungry Lion was the second jungle painting to mark Rousseau's return to this genre after a ten-year hiatus caused by the generally negative reception to Tiger in a Tropical Storm. Rousseau based the central pair of animals on a diorama of stuffed animals at the Paris Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, entitled Senegal Lion Devouring an Antelope. The painting was presented alongside works by the young painters Henri Matisse, André Derain, and Maurice de Vlaminck, whose explosive color and bold brush strokes led one critic to describe this landmark exhibition as the "cage aux fauves" (cage of wild beasts). This epithet gave rise to the term "fauvism," still used today to describe the early work of Rousseau's young colleagues.
3. The Repast of the Lion
This work was probably shown in the Salon d'Automne of 1907, but it treats a theme that Rousseau first explored in Tiger in a Tropical Storm of 1891. The jungle pictures of Rousseau were understood here not merely as one artist's quirky fixation, but as part of a broader cultural phenomenon, namely the French fascination with exoticism during the nation's colonial expansion.
4. The Equatorial Jungle
Rousseau exaggerated the size of common plants and flowers, creating a lush environment for the creatures that populated his fantasy landscapes. The animals sometimes blend into the background or hide in the trees, like on this painting from National Gallery of Art in Washington. I always wonder what kind of animals we see - lions? Monkeys? I have no idea!
5. The Dream
The Dream is Rousseau's last completed work, first exhibited few months before artist's death on 2 September 1910. As you know, Rousseau's earlier works had received a negative reception, but this time poet and critic Guillaume Apollinaire remarked:
"The picture radiates beauty, that is indisputable. I believe nobody will laugh this year."
The Dream is the largest of the jungle paintings, measuring 6' 8½" x 9' 9½" (204.5 x 298.5 cm). It features a portrait of Jadwiga, Rousseau's Polish mistress from his youth, lying naked on a divan gazing over a landscape of lush jungle foliage, including lotus flowers, and animals including birds, monkeys, an elephant, a lion and a lioness, and a snake. Suspecting that some viewers did not understand the painting, Rousseau wrote a poem to accompany it, Inscription pour Le Rêve:
Yadwigha in a beautiful dream
Having fallen gently to sleep
Heard the sounds of a reed instrument
Played by a well-intentioned [snake] charmer.
As the moon reflected
On the rivers [or flowers], the verdant trees,
The wild snakes lend an ear
To the joyous tunes of the instrument.
Rousseau's work continued to be derided by the critics up to and after his death in 1910, but he won followers among his contemporaries: Picasso, Matisse, and Toulouse-Lautrec - they all loved his works.
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